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控制系統(tǒng)冗余的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)
?冗余是一種的可靠性設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù),1:1熱冗余也就是所謂的雙重化,是其中一種有效的冗余方式,但它并不是兩個(gè)部件簡(jiǎn)單的并聯(lián)運(yùn)行,而是需要硬件、軟件、通訊等協(xié)同工作來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。將互為冗余的兩個(gè)部件構(gòu)成一個(gè)有機(jī)的整體,通常包括以下多個(gè)技術(shù)要點(diǎn):
?1)信息同步技術(shù)
?它是工作、備用部件之間實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)擾動(dòng)(Bumpless)切換技術(shù)的前提,只有按控制實(shí)時(shí)性要求進(jìn)行高速有效的信息同步,保證工作、備用部件步調(diào)一致地工作,才能實(shí)現(xiàn)冗余部件之間的無(wú)擾動(dòng)切換。
?在熱備用工作方式下,其中一塊處于工作狀態(tài)(工作卡),實(shí)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)采集、運(yùn)算、控制輸出、網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊等功能;而另一塊處于備用狀態(tài)(備用卡),它實(shí)時(shí)跟蹤工作卡的內(nèi)部控制狀態(tài)(即狀態(tài)同步)。工作/備用卡件之間的正/負(fù)邏輯是互斥的,即一個(gè)為工作卡,另一個(gè)必定是備用卡;而且它們之間有冗余控制電路(又稱工作/備用控制電路)和信息通訊電路,以協(xié)調(diào)兩塊卡件同時(shí)而且有序地運(yùn)行,保證對(duì)外輸入輸出特性的同一性,即對(duì)于用戶使用而言,可以認(rèn)為只有一個(gè)部件。一般在設(shè)計(jì)中,工作、備用部件之間通過(guò)高速的冗余通訊通道(串行或并行)實(shí)現(xiàn)運(yùn)行狀態(tài)互檢和控制狀態(tài)的同步(如組態(tài)信息、輸出閥位、控制參數(shù)等)。
2)故障檢測(cè)技術(shù)
為了保證系統(tǒng)在出現(xiàn)故障時(shí)及時(shí)將冗余部分投入工作,必須有高精確的在線故障檢測(cè)技術(shù),實(shí)現(xiàn)故障發(fā)現(xiàn)、故障定位、故障隔離和故障報(bào)警。故障檢測(cè)包括電源、微處理器、數(shù)據(jù)通訊鏈路、數(shù)據(jù)總線及I/O狀態(tài)等。其中故障診斷包括故障自診斷和故障互檢(工作、備用卡件之間的相互檢查)
3)故障仲裁技術(shù)和切換技術(shù)
?精確及時(shí)地發(fā)現(xiàn)故障后,還需要及時(shí)確定故障的部位、分析故障的嚴(yán)重性,依賴前文提到的冗余控制電路,對(duì)工作、備用故障狀態(tài)進(jìn)行分析、比較和仲裁,以判定是否需要進(jìn)行工作/備用之間的狀態(tài)切換??刂茩?quán)切換到冗余備用部件還必須保證快速、安全、無(wú)擾動(dòng)。當(dāng)處于工作狀態(tài)的部件出現(xiàn)故障(斷電、復(fù)位、軟件故障、硬件故障等)或者工作部件的故障較備用部件嚴(yán)重時(shí),備用部件必須快速地?zé)o擾動(dòng)地接替工作部件的所有控制任務(wù),對(duì)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)控制不造成任何影響。同時(shí)要求切換時(shí)間應(yīng)為毫秒級(jí),甚至是微秒級(jí),這樣就不會(huì)因?yàn)樵摬考墓收隙斐赏獠靠刂茖?duì)象的失控或檢測(cè)信息失效等等。另外,還需要盡快通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊或就地LED顯示進(jìn)行報(bào)警,通知用戶出現(xiàn)故障的部件和故障情況,以便進(jìn)行及時(shí)維護(hù)。
4)熱插拔技術(shù)
?為了保證容錯(cuò)系統(tǒng)具有高可靠性,必須盡量減少系統(tǒng)的平均修復(fù)時(shí)間MTBR。要做到這一點(diǎn),在設(shè)計(jì)上應(yīng)努力提高單元的獨(dú)立性、可修復(fù)性、故障可維護(hù)性。實(shí)現(xiàn)故障部件的在線維護(hù)和更換也是冗余技術(shù)的重要組成部分,它是實(shí)現(xiàn)控制系統(tǒng)故障部件快速修復(fù)技術(shù)的關(guān)鍵。部件的熱插拔功能可以在不中斷系統(tǒng)正??刂乒δ艿那闆r下增加或更換組件,使系統(tǒng)平穩(wěn)地運(yùn)行
5)故障隔離技術(shù)
?冗余設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),必須考慮工作、備用部件之間的故障應(yīng)該做到盡可能互不影響或影響的概率相當(dāng)?。?.01%),即可認(rèn)為故障是隔離的。這樣可以保證:處于備用狀態(tài)的部件發(fā)生故障時(shí),不會(huì)影響冗余工作部件或其他關(guān)聯(lián)部件的正常運(yùn)行,保證冗余的有效性。
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